I took some notes from the article and am happy to share them with anyone interested! The Problem: Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), which are designed to target and regulate specific genes, face two critical barriers limiting their therapeutic effectiveness: "endosomal entrapment” and “inefficient nuclear localization”. Only a small percentage of ASOs escape from endosomes to the cytosol and nucleus, preventing them from effectively modulating gene expression. The Potential Solution: Improving the …

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Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are promising for targeting diseases by modulating gene expression, even for genes previously considered "undruggable." ASOs enter cells through endocytosis but face challenges as they often get trapped in endosomes, limiting their therapeutic effect. Strategies to enhance endosomal escape, including using endosomal escape agents and non-viral delivery vehicles, are critical to increase their effectiveness. Despite some success, only 1-2% of ASOs reach the target mRNA in the …

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